Self-esteem and optimism in patients with major depression disorder: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Depressive disorders are common mental illnesses characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. Self-esteem refers to the appraisal of one's worth and personality, whereas optimism reflects a positive attitude and the expectation of positive outcomes. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the average self-esteem and optimism of patients with depression in 2022. Methods: The present study is a single center and prospective descriptive-analytical study in which 121 patients out of 154 participants with major depression using convenience sampling were studied. Recruitment started on 10 June 2022 and ended on 12 July 2022. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT -R). Data analysis was performed using statistical tests and the Pearson correlation coefficient with SPSS software version 21. Results: The mean and SD of patients' self-esteem scores were 14.68±1.30, and the mean and SD for optimism scores were 9.90±1.68. Pearson correlation analysis showed that educational level had a significant inverse relationship with patients' self-esteem scores (r=-0.009, P=0.03), and sex had a significant relationship with patients' optimism scores (r=0.175, P=0.008). Conclusion: Considering the importance of self-esteem and optimism in the recovery and return to society of patients with major depression, it is necessary to take measures to strengthen and increase self-esteem and optimism in these patients.

The effect of patient education based on health belief model on hospital readmission preventive behaviors and readmission rate in patients with a primary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome: a quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: The health belief model is one of the applicable methods of training health preventive behaviors, especially in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of patient education based on the health belief model on readmission preventive behaviors and readmission rate in patients with a primary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2020 on patients with a primary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome who were discharging from Seyed Al-Shohada Hospital, Urmia, Iran. In this study, a total of 70 samples were recruited using convenience sampling and then randomly assigned to two groups of intervention and control (n = 35 in each group). A total of 7 face-to-face group training sessions were held with the participation of the patients and one of their family members during 14 days after hospital discharge. These sessions were conducted along with concentration on the structures of the health belief model. Data were collected at three time points of immediately before, one month, and three months after the intervention using a demographic questionnaire, a researcher-made questionnaire of readmission preventive behaviors in cardiovascular diseases, and a checklist of hospital readmission. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA). RESULTS: The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the mean score of preventive behaviors between the two groups at time points of one month and three months after the intervention (p < .05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the readmission rate between the two groups after the intervention (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Health belief model-based education was shown to be effective on readmission preventive behaviors in patients with acute coronary syndrome, although this model had no effect on the readmission rate in these patients. Other factors affecting the readmission rate are recommended to be investigated.

Comparing the Effect of Heat and Cold Therapy on the Intensity of Nitrate Induced Migraine Type Headache in Cardiac Inpatients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the effect of heat and cold therapy on the intensity of nitroglycerine induced migraine type headache in cardiac inpatients. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on a total of 75 cardiac inpatients in three groups design (heat or cold therapy,and control group) as pre-test and post-test. Patients in the intervention group received heat or cold therapy for25 minutes, two times (at 1-hour interval), Patients in the control group did not receive any heat or cold therapy. Headache intensity was measured by the numeric rating scale for pain (NRS Pain), in three groups of study for 3 times (just before the study, at the end of applying the first therapy, and at the end of applying the second therapy). RESULTS: No baseline differences existed among the three groups for the mean pain scale score (P=0.781) just before the study; but the difference between three groups after applying heat and cold therapy was statistically significant (p=0.000). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated applying heat and cold therapy may reduce the intensity of nitrate induced migraine type headache in cardiac inpatients. Considering this fact that approximately 10% of patients cannot tolerate nitrate therapies due to unbearable headache, applying heat or cold therapy in patients with nitrate induced migraine type headache is recommended to improve patient's adherence to treatment.